水体青苔发酵产沼气潜力的实验研究

以水体中的丝状青苔为实验原料,在30℃恒温水浴条件下,采用批量工艺模式进行厌氧消化,来研究其产沼气潜力和产气特性。实验结果表明,发酵周期25d,丝状青苔的产气潜力为198 m L/g(TS)和320m L/g(VS),池容产气率为0.2m L/m L·d。     

旱生藓类植物——厚肋流苏藓（Crossidium crassinerve）在陕西省的新记录及其生态作用

首次记录了厚肋流苏藓〔Crossidium crassinerve（De Not.）Jur.〕及流苏藓属（Crossidium）在陕西省的分布,详尽描述了该种的形态结构,对叶片绿色丝体细胞、蒴齿、基膜、孢子、生殖苞、假根等重要结构进行了扫描电镜观察。从茎、叶结构、绿色丝体、群落、繁殖方式等方面分析了适应干旱环境的特征,讨论了厚肋流苏藓在固沙、保水和植被演替等方面的生态学作用。     

毛乌素沙地人为干扰苔藓结皮的土壤水分和风蚀效应

[目的]为了探讨在毛乌素沙地人为干扰生物结皮的必要性与可行性,并为该区生物结皮的高效利用提供实验依据。[方法]在毛乌素沙地东南缘设置裸沙、苔藓结皮、干扰苔藓结皮、沙蒿、沙蒿+苔藓结皮以及沙蒿+干扰苔藓结皮6个处理小区,通过动态监测各小区土壤水分及风蚀变化过程,分析人为干扰苔藓结皮对土壤水分及风蚀过程的影响。[结果](1)沙地苔藓结皮能够显著提高浅层土壤含水量,降低深层土壤含水量。(2)人为干扰苔藓结皮会引起浅层土壤含水量的降低和降雨入渗深度的增加。(3)与裸沙对照相比,几种处理的减蚀效率大小顺序为:沙蒿+苔藓结皮(97.01%)沙蒿+干扰苔藓结皮(90.87%)苔藓结皮(89.63%)干扰苔藓结皮(69.50%)沙蒿(64.62%)。[结论]植被覆盖度较高时,对苔藓结皮进行适当破坏,能够在不加剧土壤风蚀的前提下,一定程度上改善土壤水分状况。而在无植被或低植被覆盖的地块,要禁止对苔藓结皮的干扰破坏。     

黄土丘陵区生物结皮对坡面流水动力特征的影响

[目的]探究生物结皮对坡面流水动力特征的影响,为黄土高原丘陵区生物结皮防蚀机理研究提供理论指导。[方法]设置生物结皮覆盖及破坏处理,进行人工模拟降雨试验。[结果](1)生物结皮覆盖及破坏处理下坡面流均属于层流急流。(2)生物结皮可显著降低坡面流流速,增加水流剪切力,阻力系数和水流功率(p<0.05)。其中,藻结皮处理和苔藓结皮处理较裸地流速分别减少了48.74%和62.24%,水流剪切力、阻力系数、水流功率较裸地分别增加了130.01%和308.07%;703.35%和2 532.01%;21.16%和57.43%。(3)生物结皮破坏后其阻力系数与裸地无显著变化,流速、水流剪切力、水流功率均显著高于裸地(p<0.05)。其中,藻结皮破坏和苔藓结皮破坏处理较裸地流速、水流剪切力、水流功率分别增加了10.84%和16.46%;36.83%和42.44%;60.90%和62.14%。[结论]生物结皮覆盖会增大坡面流阻力系数,降低流速。生物结皮破坏后坡面流阻力系数与裸地无差异,流速增加。此外,生物结皮覆盖及破坏处理均会增大坡面流水流剪切力及水流功率,进而增加径流侵蚀能量。     

不同品种柑橘叶际真核生物多样性及 青苔病原差异分析

柑橘青苔病是一种普遍发生且危害严重的病害?本试验选择3个甜橙品种和3个杂柑品种为研究对象, 在重庆忠县和开州分别采集有病症和无病症的叶片样品共24份, 利用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术对两地不同品种柑橘叶际真核生物的群落组成?结构及差异进行分析?结果表明, 24份柑橘叶片样本共检测到491个OTUs, 多样性较为丰富?柑橘叶表真核生物的优势属为枝孢菌属 Cladosporium, 橡胶藻属 Heveochlorella, 杯梗孢属 Cyphellophora, Parastagonospora 等?有病症组中丰度显著高于无病症组的物种包括不可培养的球藻uncultured Apatococcus?黄绿异小球藻 Heterochlorella luteoviridis?海南橡胶藻 Heveochlorella hainangensis?无柄杯梗孢 Cyphellophora sessilis?椭圆球藻 Chloroidium ellipsoideum 和胶孢炭疽菌 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, 它们可能与柑橘青苔的发生密切相关?不同品种和不同区域的12份有病症组叶样中优势菌群的组成结构及丰度均存在较大差异?柑橘青苔病的发生可能是由多种绿藻及病原真菌复合侵染造成的, 青苔侵染对柑橘叶际真核生物群落结构有很大影响, 不同品种及地区间柑橘叶片受青苔侵染后的叶际优势菌群特征有差异?     

茅台酒生态功能保护区藓类植物区系地理组成分析

对茅台酒生态功能保护区不同生态、不同海拔的代表区域藓类植物进行标本采集,共采集标本202号,分属23科60属124种,对其进行区系地理组成分析.结果表明,该区域藓类植物中东亚成分占比30.51％,北温带成分占比27.97％,热带亚洲分布占比16.10％,中国特有成分占比11.02％.经分析,该区藓类植物总体上属温带性质.     

几种有机废弃物作为一品红代用基质的研究

为减少花卉无土栽培对泥炭资源的依赖,该试验以玉米秆、麦秆、锯末和菇渣4种有机废弃物作为基质的主要成分,探讨取代泥炭作为一品红栽培基质的可行性。结果表明,V(玉米秆粉)∶V(珍珠岩)为3∶1、V(菇渣)∶V(珍珠岩)为3∶1、V(菇渣)∶V(蛭石)为3∶1,这3个处理的理化性质的各项指标均在无土栽培基质的理想范围内,用其栽培的一品红根系生长健壮,生长发育综合表现显著优于对照,可作为一品红无土栽培的代用基质。      

Above- and below-ground biomass and carbon stocks of different tree plantations in central Iran

In arid and semi-arid lands using industrial wastewater for irrigating tree plantations offers a great opportunity to fulfill the purpose of Clean Development Mechanism by sequestering carbon in living tissues as well as in soil. Selection of tree for plantation has a great effect on the goal achievements, especially when the managers deal with afforestation projects rather than reforestation projects. The objective of this study was to quantify the above- and below-ground biomass accumulation and carbon storages of the 17-year-old monoculture plantations of mulberry(Morus alba L.), black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia L.), Eldar pine(Pinus eldarica Medw.) and Arizona cypress(Cupressus arizonica Greene) planted in central Iran. To assess the potential carbon storage, we destructively measured individual above- and below-ground tree biomass and developed and scaled models at stand level. Furthermore, carbon content at three soil depths(0–15, 15–30, 30–45 cm), the litter and the understory were assessed in sample plots. The results showed that the total amount of carbon stored by Eldar pine(36.8 Mg/hm2) was higher than those stored by the trees in the other three plantations, which were 23.7, 10.0, and 9.6 Mg/hm2 for Arizona cypress, mulberry and black locust plantations, respectively. For all the species, the above-ground biomass accumulations were higher than those of the below-ground. The root mass fractions of the deciduous were larger than those of the coniferous. Accordingly, the results indicate that the potential carbon storages of the coniferous were higher than those of the deciduous in arid regions.     

Initial Carbon Storage in New Tephra Layers of Mt. Talang in Sumatra as Affected by Pioneer Plants

To date, no global data on carbon sequestration at the initial weathering phase of tephra deposits are available. To study carbon storage in the new volcanic deposit, tephra layers were reconstructed for a period of 46 months. The tephra samples were collected immediately after eruption of Mount (Mt.) Talang on 12 April 2005, over portions of the Solok District in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Pot experiments were filled with and without soil materials and covered with the collected tephra. The pot experiments were conducted in a wired house. The tephra was applied in 0, 2.5 and 5 cm depths to simulate natural tephra deposition. Every day 250 ml of filtered water was added and allowed to percolate. Solid fraction from the tephra layer was collected and analyzed at regular intervals and primary plant succession was observed over a period of 4 years. After 2 months, blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) started to colonize the bare surface tephra layer to form an algae mat. After 16 months, the surface was transformed into a green biofilm of lichen. Vascular plants (grasses and shrubs) started to be established after 2 years. Total carbon (TC) content of the tephra layer was increased significantly from 0.19 to 1.75% or eight times higher after 46 months of incubation. Higher TC storage was found in the 2.5 cm compared to that of the 5.0 cm tephra layer, which was reconstructed above the soil, with values of 1.75 and 0.89%, respectively. On the contrary, lesser amount of TC was accumulated in the single tephra layer (without soil underneath). Between 71 and 90% of TC was considered as total organic carbon (TOC). The labile organic carbon (LOC) content in the 2.5 cm and 5.0 cm of tephra layer was found to be 0.22 and 0.77%, respectively, at the end of incubation. This experiment confirmed the potential of tephra to capture carbon from the atmosphere with the help of nonvascular plants and then by vascular plants and finally sink them in the tephra layer.     

Carbon fixation and influencing factors of biological soil crusts in a revegetated area of the Tengger Desert,northern China

Biological soil crusts （BSCs） are an important type of land cover in arid desert landscapes and play an important role in the carbon source-sink exchange within a desert system. In this study, two typical BSCs, moss crusts and algae crusts, were selected from a revegetated sandy area of the Tengger Desert in northern China, and the experiment was carried out over a 3-year period from January 2010 to November 2012. We obtained the effec- tive active wetting time to maintain the physiological activity of BSCs basing on continuous field measurements and previous laboratory studies on BSCs photosynthesis and respiration rates. And then we developed a BSCs carbon fixation model that is driven by soil moisture. The results indicated that moss crusts and algae crusts had significant effects on soil moisture and temperature dynamics by decreasing rainfall infiltration. The mean carbon fixation rates of moss and algae crusts were 0.21 and 0.13 g C/（m2.d）, respectively. The annual carbon fixations of moss crusts and algae crusts were 64.9 and 38.6 g C/（m2.a）, respectively, and the carbon fixation of non-rainfall water reached 11.6 g C/（m2.a） （30.2% of the total） and 8.8 g C/（m2.a） （43.6% of the total）, respectively. Finally, the model was tested and verified with continuous field observations. The data of the modeled and measured CO2 fluxes matched notably well. In desert regions, the carbon fixation is higher with high-frequency rainfall even the total amount of seasonal rainfall was the same.